Vacuum Furnace used for Annealing

Mathematical Modelling of an Annealing Furnace for Process Control Applications

Optimisation and improved control of the annealing furnace on a continuous galvanising line was investigated by the construction of a series of mathematical models to predict furnace and strip temperature and strip recrystallisation under both steady and transient states. A modelling approach is followed due to the very poor measurability of temperatures inside the furnace, affected by strong r...

Techniques Used for Vacuum Standardization

Numerous primary vacuum standards namely Mercury Manometer Standard, Volume Expansion Standard and Orifice Flow Standard of different ranges and designs have been developed by various international vacuum metrology laboratories, for the calibration of vacuum gauges. This paper briefly describes a variety of scientific techniques that had either been used or are employed in different primary vac...

Modelling steel strip heating within an annealing furnace

Annealing furnaces are used to heat steel in order to change its chemical structure. In this paper we model an electric radiant furnace. One of the major defects in steel strips processed in such furnaces is a wave-like pattern near the edges of the strip, apparently due to extra heating near the edges. The aim of the paper is to model this effect and provide a way to calculate the elevated tem...

Vermont Used Oil Analysis and Waste Oil Furnace Emissions Study

Formation of Nanoscale Defects for Enhanced Critical Current Density in TlBaCaCuO Thin Films via Furnace Annealing